Fungus gnats and shore flies
Fungus gnats and shore flies are common pests of propagation nurseries and greenhouse crops.
Adult fungus gnats are small (3-4 mm long) black flies that resemble mosquitoes. They have long legs and long antennae. They are weak fliers and are often seen resting or walking on the surface of the growing media. The larvae are slender white or translucent maggots with a distinct black head capsule. They grow to a length of 6 mm.
Adult shore flies are similar in size to fungus gnats but resemble small houseflies. They have a dark, chunky body with short antennae, short legs and red eyes. They are stronger fliers than fungus gnats. They prefer wetter conditions than fungus gnats and are often found around wet areas on or under benches. Shore fly larvae do not have a head capsule. They are cream or brown coloured and grow to about 6 mm. Both the larvae and pupae of shore flies have a pair of breathing tubes (spiracles) on their hind end.
Damage
Fungus gnat larvae live in the growing media and generally feed on decaying organic matter, soil fungi and algae. However, they can also feed on fine roots, root hairs and tender lower stems, causing direct damage to plants. Damage is most extreme in seedlings and young plants, but can also occur in mature plants if numbers are high. Adult fungus gnats can transmit fungal diseases and the wounds produced by the larvae provide entry sites for soil-borne pathogens.
Shore fly larvae are semi-aquatic and feed mainly on algae. They do not normally feed on plants, but they will feed on roots already infected with fungi. Like fungus gnats, adults shore flies can also spread fungal diseases.
Both fungus gnats and shore flies can cause cosmetic damage to ornamental crops because they leave unsightly feacal droppings (flyspecks) on leaves and flowers.
Monitoring
Sticky traps can be used to monitor (and mass trap) populations of adult flies. Both fungus gnats and shore flies are attracted to yellow sticky traps, but there is evidence that shore flies are more attracted to blue traps.
Management
The best management strategy is to prevent these flies from establishing and thriving in the greenhouse. This can be done using a combination of cultural and biological control measures.
Important cultural controls include:
- Eliminating breeding areas such as standing water on or bellow benches, infested growing media and plant debris
- Avoiding over watering and over fertilising plants to reduce the amount of algae growing in containers
- Implementing good hygiene practices
Commercially available biocontrol agents include:
- Predatory mites (Hypoaspis spp.)
- Parasitic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae)
- Predatory beetles (Dalotia coriaria)
- A bacterial insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) sold under the trade name Vectobac
Naturally occurring biocontrol agents that are not available commercially (e.g. parasitic wasps) can be found in glasshouses where pesticide use has been reduced.
Solutions
Hypoaspis miles is a soil-dwelling predatory mite that feeds on the larvae of both fungus gnats and shore flies.
Dalotia rove beetle is a soil-dwelling predator that feeds on the larvae of fungus gnats and shore flies.
Optiroll Super sticky rolls are specially designed to maximise the capture of flying insect pests. Use ribbon to encircle the perimeter of the growing area or place ribbon along crop rows to mass-trap flying insects. This product is ideal for large area trapping.
Yellow sticky traps are a useful tool for monitoring populations of adult fungus gnats and other flying insects.
Blue sticky traps are a useful tool for monitoring populations of adult shore flies. These flies are attracted to both yellow and blue, but there is evidence to suggest that they are more attracted to blue.
